The level of wheat yield is directly related to soil nitrogen supply at each growth stage. Various experiments have shown that on the basis of ensuring the soil nitrogen supply level in the early stage of wheat growth, it is very stable and appropriate to increase the soil nitrogen supply level in the middle and late stages of wheat, to prevent the early de-fertilization and premature senescence, further increase the wheat yield and increase the nitrogen utilization rate. important. Determine the total amount of nitrogen. The optimum application rate of pure nitrogen in wheat is 15-20 kg. Insufficient nitrogen application, low yield; excessive nitrogen application, low utilization rate, and the effect of increasing yield is not obvious. Guaranteed peak demand. The nitrogen uptake intensity of high-yield wheat plants showed two peaks before and before and after flowering. After tillering, the first peak appeared before winter. At this time, nitrogen is very important for the differentiation and formation of new organs. However, at this time, the soil nitrogen supply capacity is very weak, so it is necessary to apply base fertilizer and seed fertilizer; After wintering, the nitrogen uptake of wheat increased gradually, and a second peak of nitrogen uptake occurred before and after flowering. At this time, nitrogen application is beneficial to grain filling and enrichment, and it is an important measure for preventing premature aging of high-yield wheat in the late stage. The nitrogen application rate at the two peaks should account for 40% and 35% of the total nitrogen, respectively. Formulated with phosphorus and potassium fertilizer. If the weather is favorable during grain filling, more nitrogen accumulates in the leaf sheath, while in the later rainy years, nitrogen is more retained in the stem and leaves. Nitrogen increase often increases the tenderness of the stem and causes lodging. Therefore, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers must be added to maintain the effectiveness of nitrogen fertilizer. Under the above nitrogen application levels, pure phosphorus and pure potassium should be used in amounts of 5.5 kg and 20 kg, respectively. Critical nitrogen supplementation. In the case of nitrogen deficiency, nitrogen supplementation can increase yield during various periods of wheat growth. Among them, nitrogen supplementation can significantly increase yield during wheat seedling, wintering, regreening and jointing, indicating that when production conditions are difficult to implement according to the plan, The seedling diagnosis carries out the winter and spring topdressing to make up for the deficiency of nitrogen fertilizer. Wheat with high-efficiency nitrogen application technology has higher nitrogen content after harvest, and can be used for direct return to the field to further improve nitrogen utilization. According to the soil fertility status of cultivated land, wheat yielding rules and yield requirements. Summarize the fertilization principles of the following three wheats: (1) Organic fertilizers are combined with inorganic fertilizers under organic fertilizer-based conditions. Organic fertilizer has a wide range of fertilizer sources, low cost, full nutrients, long fertilizer efficiency, contains many organic matter, and can improve soil. It can not only increase production in the same year, but also ensure annual production increase, continuously improve soil fertility, and enhance agricultural production stamina, but Organic fertilizers have low nutrient content, large dosage, and slow fertilizer efficiency. When wheat is in urgent need of certain nutrients, it must be supplemented with chemical fertilizers to complement each other. In order to truly improve soil fertility and continue to increase production. (2) Apply sufficient base fertilizer and rationally apply seed fertilizer and top dressing. "The wheat harvest is rich, and the base fertilizer is the foundation." According to many high-yield experiences in the country, the amount of base fertilizer generally accounts for 60%-80% of the total fertilization amount. The base fertilizer is applied to promote the early development of seedlings and to cultivate strong seedlings before winter. The tillering rate and the strong stalks have an important role, and the base fertilizer is generally based on organic fertilizer. At the same time, combined with nitrogen, phosphate fertilizer, organic fertilizer fertilizer for a long time, the application of base fertilizer can not only supply nutrients continuously throughout the wheat growing period, it has a good effect on controlling the stalk length of the wheat plant and preventing premature aging, and at the same time, can improve Soil promotes the reproduction and activity of soil microbes, thereby continuously improving soil fertility. On the basis of the application of the base fertilizer, reasonable topdressing is a measure to make full use of the fertilizer source to increase the yield. The so-called rational topdressing is based on the demand for fertilizer in the whole life of wheat, and timely meets the demand for fertilizers in crops. The law of absorption of fertilizer during the growth period is: Before wintering, the most nitrogen fertilizer is absorbed, followed by phosphorus and potassium. In order to meet the nitrogen fertilizer immediately after the wheat is produced, it is generally applied with 3-5 kg ​​of ammonium sulfate or 1.5-2.5 kg of urea as seed fertilizer. Before winter, tilling and promoting secondary growth have a good effect. During the wintering to the regreening period, nitrogen fertilizer is still absorbed more, and phosphorus and potassium begin to increase significantly. Therefore, during wintering, fertilization, in addition to a small amount of nutrients needed for slow growth in winter, basic Shang Shi is used to promote the roots of wheat. Early return to green, consolidate the tillering before winter, increase the rate of tillering before winter, increase the absorption of potassium during the period from the re-greening stage to the jointing stage, and increase the absorption of phosphate fertilizer. Because there is phosphate fertilizer in the base fertilizer, if this growth is more prosperous, it may not be applied to prevent stalks. Long, if it is lacking, it should be applied to the green fertilizer early, in order to increase the effective tillering, increase the rate of ear formation, and at the jointing stage, the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium by Xiaomei reaches the highest peak. Fertilization during this period can feed infertile decimals, which is a key period for increasing the number of grains per panicle. It is a high-yield production. In this period, it is necessary to supply sufficient water and fertilizer. During the heading stage, the absorption of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in wheat generally declines, except In addition to potassium, nitrogen and phosphorus are still absorbed in the first stage of maturity, especially phosphate fertilizer, which can grout and granulate, so that the grain of wheat is multi-grain weight. Therefore, in order to meet the needs of phosphate fertilizer in the later stage, root dressing is often taken. Become a powerful measure to increase wheat production. (3) Stratified application of base fertilizer, deep application of chemical fertilizer, stratified application of base fertilizer refers to the application of fertilizer in two layers, the first application of organic fertilizer after deep ploughing and burying, and the second application of quality fertilizer with the application of quick-acting fertilizer. After applying, shallow tillage and hoeing are carried out to distribute the fertilizer evenly in the soil branch, or when the ditch is planted, so that the wheat can obtain certain quick-acting nutrients in the seedling stage, and bury the soil into the middle and lower layers of the soil. Fertilizers ensure the need for late wheat growth. When fertilizer is used for topdressing, it is better to apply 5-10 cm deep, especially nitrogenous fertilizers such as carbon-nitrogen ammonium, ammonia and other volatile nitrogen fertilizers, which must be applied deep, so that the fertilizer can be covered by mud to prevent evaporation and loss. The fertilizer efficiency is stable, which is beneficial to the root system absorption, improve the utilization rate of chemical fertilizers, and fully exert the fertilizer efficiency. The application of the fertilizer can generally increase the fertilizer efficiency by 10%-30%. The methods for deep application of chemical fertilizers are as follows: <1> Deep application of base fertilizer: Ammonium bicarbonate or ammonia water can be used as a base fertilizer for deep application, combined with plowing, while cultivating and then flattening. <2> Fertilizer bottom application: In the case of lyrics, the biliary ditch is applied or the simple agricultural implements are applied under the seeds or on the lower side of the seeds. The nitrogen fertilizer can also be combined with the decomposed organic fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer. Fertilizer, ditching strip application, but the seed fertilizer should not be too close to the seed, so as to avoid burning, ammonium sulfate, ammonium nitrate can be used as a seed fertilizer. <3> Topdressing or hole application: Ammonium bicarbonate, ammonia and urea should be applied by ditch or hole application, with fertilizer applicator, ammonia water, liquid fertilizer and deep application device, and anti-nitrogen fertilizer should be applied below 5-10 cm. In the soil layer, and pay attention to the application of uniformity, according to local experiments, the application of ditch or hole application soil can increase the fertilizer efficiency by about 30%. 2. Wheat fertilization technology (1) Fertilization technology of irrigated wheat: The yield level of irrigated wheat largely determines the high yield of total wheat in the country. Therefore, we should carefully summarize and promote the existing fertilization experience and study and solve the fertilization of wheat in the leeches. The emergence of new problems and efforts to modernize wheat fertilization technology can promote the sustained and steady development of wheat production throughout the country. Research and production practices have proved that the application of fertilizer, fertility and fertility to fully meet the needs of wheat for nutrients is the fundamental way to achieve high yield, stable yield and high quality of wheat, according to the 1981 survey of the Shandong High-yield Cultivation Research Collaboration Group. The high-yield Meitian soil cultivating layer contains more than 1%-1.3% of the organic matter, of which more than 50% can be decomposed, more than 0.07 of total nitrogen, 40-50 mg/kg of hydrolyzed nitrogen, and 25 mg/kg of available phosphorus. The potassium content is more than 100 mg. At present, most of the water is poured into wheat fields, especially in the middle and lower wheat fields. The soil organic matter content is insufficient, nitrogen deficiency and phosphorus deficiency, and potassium and trace elements in some areas. In the fertilization area, there are problems such as serious imbalance of nitrogen and phosphorus ratios, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium ratios, excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer in high-yield wheat fields, and improper fertilization techniques. This situation seriously affects the economic benefits of continuous wheat yield increase and fertilization. In wheat cultivation, according to the soil's own fertilization characteristics, combined with the growth and development of wheat, timely and appropriate fertilization, regulation and balance of nutrient supply and demand are the key to ensure the continued high yield of wheat. <1>Application of organic fertilizer: organic fertilizer has comprehensive nutrient, wide source of fertilizer, low cost, good ecological benefit, increased application of organic fertilizer, supplemented by application of appropriate fertilizer, is the most effective measure to quickly increase fertility and increase wheat yield. Long-term localization experiments of organic fertilizer and inorganic nitrogen fertilizer in the college have shown that no application of fertilizer, single application of organic fertilizer, single application of nitrogen fertilizer and the combination of both can increase soil organic matter content. However, there is less improvement in fertilizer application and single application of inorganic fertilizer. The application of organic fertilizer alone and the combination of the two are more improved. The organic fertilizer containing 100-200 kg of organic matter per acre is applied, and the average organic matter is increased by 0.02%-0.039 per year. %, the application of pure nitrogen per mu is 9.2 kg and 18.4 kg, and the average increase of soil organic matter is 0.003%-0.01% per year. If the two are applied together, the average organic matter is increased by 0.02%-0/04% per year, and the soil organic matter and various earthworms are significant. Positive correlation. Single application of organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer can improve soil physical properties, strengthen soil respiration intensity, enhance soil urease activity, and regulate soil phosphorus and potassium content, increase available phosphorus and slow-acting potassium. After 6 years of experimentation, Compared with the control, the high-yield organic fertilizer and the high-quantity organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer increased the soil available phosphorus content by 6 mg/kg. However, the high-yield nitrogen fertilizer alone reduced the available phosphorus content by 1 mg/kg, and the wheat was late-maturing for 6 consecutive years. In addition, the soil slow-acting potassium content applied by single application of organic fertilizer and organic fertilizer combined with nitrogen fertilizer increased compared with the control. 28-51 mg / kg. There was no significant difference between the single application of nitrogen fertilizer and the control. The results of 6 years of experiment showed that the fertilization treatment increased the yield obviously. The yield of organic fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer was higher. The high amount of organic fertilizer was combined with the high nitrogen fertilizer. The yield per 1000 kg of organic fertilizer increased by 8.55. Kilograms, an increase of 4.41 kg per kg of urea. The application rate of organic fertilizer, generally 500 kg of high-yield wheat fields per mu, requires more than 5,000 kg of organic fertilizer per mu, and 2000-3000 kg of medium-sized wheat fields. Straw returning is an effective way to solve the problem of organic fertilizer deficiency. Tengzhou Agricultural Bureau conducted a wheat straw returning field experiment in 1979-1986. Each year, it is divided into 300 kg of wheat straw per mu in summer and autumn, and in the summer, it is in the corn Soybean covers 200 kilograms per mu in the branching period, and 100 kilograms per acre is chopped to 3-4 meters long and ploughed into the ground. The results of straw returning for 8 consecutive years indicate. The soil organic matter content increased from 0.75% to 1.27%, with an average annual increase of 0.024, total nitrogen content increased by 0.02%, hydrolyzed nitrogen content increased by 2.61 mg/kg, and soil water storage capacity increased. Determination on September 25, 1983, 0-20 The water content of the soil layer is 2.8% higher than that of the control, and the water content of the 20-40 cm soil layer is 2.97% higher than that of the control. In addition, the amount of alfalfa increases, and the weeds in the field are reduced. The average annual yield of the wheat straw returning area is 98.1 kg, of which the yield per mu is 433.7. Kilograms, an increase of 13%, the effect is significant. Planting green manure is another proven production-increasing measure. Green-crop crop fresh grass contains more nutrients than general crops. For example, amorpha contains nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium, which account for 1.32% and 0.36% of the green body. And 0.79%, grass rafts are 0.52%, 0.07%, 0.42%, mung beans are 0.52%, 0.12%, and 0.92%. According to the test, every 100 kg of green manure fresh grass can increase grain yield by 6-10 kg, due to legumes. Green manure crops have strong nitrogen fixation and have strong absorption capacity for phosphorus that is difficult to absorb. Therefore, planting green manure can better cultivate soil fertility. <2>Application of chemical fertilizers: The nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium nutrients required for wheat growth have different yield-increasing effects, which promote each other and affect each other. With the gradual increase of wheat yield, the amount of various nutrients absorbed from the soil. Correspondingly, in addition to organic fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers should be applied to balance the balance between supply and demand of nutrients and increase production. (A) Application of nitrogen fertilizer: comprehensive test data in various places. In the 1950s, 15-30 kg of grain was produced per kg of pure nitrogen, 15-22 kg was increased in the 1960s, 9-14 kg was increased in the 1970s, and 4.95 kg was increased in the 1980s. Obviously, The effects of nitrogen fertilizer production in different years have gradually decreased. Under different soil organic nutrient conditions, the yield increase effect of fertilizer is related to the soil effective nutrient content before sowing. According to the multi-point field test data of the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the water-soiled wheat field has the same content of soil available phosphorus and available potassium. In the case, the yield-increasing effect of wheat nitrogen fertilizer was significantly negatively correlated with soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content. When the soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content was less than 60 mg/kg, the yield of nitrogen fertilizer was significantly negatively correlated. At 60-75 mg/kg, there was a significant negative correlation. In the range of 30-65 mg/kg, the lower the hydrolyzed nitrogen content, the more significant the yield increase effect. When the temperature was greater than 90 mg/kg, the yield increase effect was not obvious, and even the yield was reduced. Therefore, it is considered that the soil hydrolyzed nitrogen imitation amount of 65 mg / kg is the critical value of the application of nitrogen fertilizer. Under different levels of soil fertility, the lower the yield level, the more obvious the effect of nitrogen production is increased. With the increase of yield level, the yield increase effect is gradually reduced. When the yield per mu is not more than 400 kg, the yield increase effect of fertilization is significantly reduced. It is not uncommon to have an example of excessive production or improper fertilization. Many experiments and production experience have proved that under certain conditions, with the increase of nitrogen fertilizer application, the yield will increase, but after a certain amount of use, the yield will not increase or even decrease. The village of Tiancun in Linyi County has a soil yield of 225.2 kg per mu. In the range of 0-15 kg of pure nitrogen, the effect of increasing the yield by 9 kg per mu is the best. When the yield per mu is about 500 kg, more nitrogen fertilizer is applied, and the yield is reduced. Under the condition of groundwater yield of 350 kilograms per mu in the agricultural technology extension station of Huangxian County, within the range of 2-16 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, the highest yield of 10-12 kg per mu, 500 kg per mu, and more nitrogen fertilizer, increase production. Not obvious, Laiyang Agricultural College research believes that improper fertilization in high-yield wheat fields and excessive application of nitrogen fertilizer are important reasons for the high yield of high-yield wheat fields and the decline of yield, and about 325 kg of wheat per mu. The suitable amount of fertilizer is 12-16 kg of pure nitrogen. In production, the amount of fertilization is determined not only by the highest yield of fertilization, but also by the amount of economic fertilization, that is, the amount of fertilization that can obtain the maximum fertilization benefit per mu. (B) Application of phosphate fertilizer: In the 1950s, under the conditions of low production level and low nitrogen fertilizer application, the effect of applying phosphate fertilizer on cinnamon soil and fluvo-aquic soil was not significant. In the 1960s, the yield increase effect of bowl fertilizer was clearly defined. In the 1970s, the imbalance of nitrogen and phosphorus ratios became more and more serious. The effect of increasing the yield of phosphate fertilizer continued to rise. In the 1980s, per kg of phosphorus pentoxide increased the yield of 7.93 kilograms of wheat, exceeding the yield increase per kilogram of pure nitrogen. Compared with the 1950s, the yield increased. The effect is on the rise, as opposed to the application of nitrogen fertilizer. The water-fed wheat man is applied with phosphate fertilizer in the absence of soil nitrogen and potassium. The yield increase effect is closely related to the soil available phosphorus content. When the soil available phosphorus content is less than 30 mg/kg, the soil available phosphorus content is lower. The effect of increasing the yield of phosphate fertilizer is more significant, but when the available phosphorus content is greater than 20 mg/kg, and the application area is not more than 350 kg, the nitrogen and phosphorus ratio should be paid attention to. According to the research data of Laiyang Agricultural College, when the soil available phosphorus content is below 16 mg/kg, the application of phosphate fertilizer has an effect of increasing yield. When 20 mg/when it is recognized, there is no effect of increasing yield. When the application rate is too large, the roots, pupa, leaves, Stems and ear organs grow too fast, and early organs die early. The economic use of phosphate fertilizer is mainly due to the different content and proportion of soil available nutrients and the level of wheat yield. The results of phosphate fertilizer application test in Tengzhou City, Shandong Province show that under the condition of 167 kg per mu, the application of phosphorus pentoxide 3 In the range of -12 kg, the application of 9 kg is significant, and the application of phosphate fertilizer in wheat is generally used as the base fertilizer. The significance is: the first. Due to the weak ability of wheat in the seedling stage, the phosphorus in the soil cannot be fully utilized, and the phosphate fertilizer is added to make the seedlings easy to absorb and utilize. Increase tillering, promote root development, and enhance wheat wintering resistance to cold and drought. Second, due to poor mobility of phosphorus in the soil, if applied in the spring, it will only stay in the soil surface, as a base fertilizer, deep application, It is conducive to the absorption and utilization of roots. Thirdly, in the winter wheat producing areas, there are often nitrogen deficiency and phosphorus deficiency. Without sufficient phosphate fertilizer as base fertilizer, the role of nitrogen can not be fully exerted due to insufficient phosphorus supply. (C) Application of Potassium Fertilizer: The application of potassium fertilizer in wheat began in the late 1970s. In the past, it was considered that there was no significant effect on the application of potassium fertilizer. In recent years, experiments have shown that the application of potassium fertilizer in brown loam has an effect of increasing yield, and some high-yield areas on cinnamon soil and fluvo-aquic soil. Under the conditions of nitrogen and phosphorus, the application of potassium fertilizer has a better yield-increasing effect. When the soil available potassium content is 50-100 mg/kg, the average yield per kilogram of dipotassium oxide is 5.9-11.4 kg. In the case of soil without water and phosphorus, the yield increase effect of potassium application was negatively correlated with soil available potassium content. When the soil available potassium content was less than 70 mg/kg, there was a significant negative correlation. The soil available potassium content was more negative. Low, the effect of increasing the yield of potassium fertilizer is more significant. When the available potassium content is more than 100 mg/kg, the effect of applying potassium fertilizer is not obvious. (D) Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers are combined. Wheat production practice has proved that the combined application of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilizers is an important measure for wheat yield increase. According to the data of the Soil and Fertilizer Institute of Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, the combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus increased yield by 40.6% compared with single application of nitrogen fertilizer. Fertilization increased yield by 12.4%. When nitrogen and phosphorus were applied together, each kilogram of oxidized phosphorus could increase the yield of wheat by 3.98 kg. The yield-increasing effect of nitrogen and phosphorus combined application is affected by the soil hydrolyzed nitrogen and available phosphorus content. The soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content is below 30 mg/kg, the effective phosphorus content is below 10 mg/kg, and the wheat yield in the non-fertilized area is less than 200 kg. The yield increase effect of phosphate fertilizer is significantly greater than that of nitrogen fertilizer. The combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus has significant positive co-administration effect, which can greatly increase wheat yield, and the soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content is 30-65 mg/kg. The available phosphorus content was below 15 mg/kg. When the wheat yield in the non-fertilized area was less than 300 kg, the soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content was significantly correlated with the nitrogen fertilizer yield. The soil available phosphorus content was also significantly negatively correlated with the phosphorus fertilizer yield. The yield increase effect of phosphate fertilizer is slightly higher than that of nitrogen fertilizer and nitrogen. The combined effect is slightly higher than or equal to the single nitrogen application and the total yield increase of phosphorus. The effect should not be significant. The soil hydrolyzed nitrogen content is above 65 mg/kg, and the available phosphorus content is 30 mg/ About kilograms, when the wheat yield per mu is not about 400 kg, the yield increase of nitrogen and phosphorus in the single season is not significant, and the combined application of nitrogen and phosphorus is negative. According to several tests, the suitable yield of nitrogen and phosphorus in wheat fields with a yield of less than 200 kg per mu is 1:1; the yield of wheat with a yield of 200-400 kg per mu is 1:0.5; the yield is higher than 400 kg. In the wheat field, the suitable ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 1:0.5. Fertilizer should be added in the soil with potassium deficiency. The ratio of nitrogen to potassium should be 1:1. (E) Application of trace element fertilizer: Trace elements are also essential nutrients for wheat growth and development. Wheat lacks certain trace elements, light growth is poor, and heavy yield is severely reduced. The yield increase effect of trace element fertilizer is determined by these elements in the soil. In recent years, with the development of wheat production, soils in many places lack trace elements, especially zinc deficiency, boron, manganese, etc., and the corresponding trace element fertilizers are applied to the soil. The effect of increasing production is significant. Zinc fertilizer: According to several tests, the soil effective content of 0.6 mg / kg is the critical index of zinc deficiency in wheat, and the application of zinc fertilizer is significant. The commonly used zinc fertilizer varieties are zinc sulfate, zinc chloride, zinc oxide, etc. More widely, the application of zinc fertilizer in wheat should be based on base fertilizer, supplemented by top dressing, planting, foliar spraying, etc., as the base fertilizer application amount is 1-2 kg per mu with fine soil to spread evenly. Zinc fertilizer has a long-lasting effect in the soil. It can be applied once every 2-3 years. When it is planted, 4 grams of sulfuric acid per kilogram of seed is used, dissolved in a small amount of water, sprayed on the seeds, dried and then sown. It is preferred to apply zinc sulfate at a concentration of 0.2% to 0.3% at the jointing stage. Manganese fertilizer: general iron reduced manganese content of 100 mg / kg as a critical indicator of soil manganese deficiency, when less than 100 mg / kg, the application of manganese fertilizer has an effect of increasing yield, below 80 mg / kg, the yield increase effect is obvious, according to 25 wheat were tested by manganese fertilizer, 19 were increased, and 6 were flat. The average yield per acre was 33.05 kg. The effect was extremely significant. It is more suitable to apply manganese fertilizer per mu. Boron fertilizer: Generally, the water-soluble boron content of soil is 0.5 mg/kg, which is the critical index of boron deficiency in soil. According to 11 experiments in Shandong Province, the application of boron fertilizer has a significant effect on yield increase. The yield per mu is increased by 13.6-94 kg, with an average increase of 48.3 kg. The effect is extremely significant. After applying boron fertilizer, the leaves are dark green, the dry weight of the aboveground part is increased, the number of infertile spikelets is decreased, the number of grains per ear, 1000-grain weight is increased, the rate of small flowering at the top of the ear is increased, the number of fallen ears is small, and the rate of grain filling is accelerated. The daily dry weight of the grain dry matter was 0.4 mg more than the control. The application amount of boron fertilizer in wheat is 0.5-1 kg per mu, which is economical and effective. The application method and the base fertilizer have the best effect. It can also be applied as a top dressing or root spray application with a concentration of about 0.2%, and manganese. The application of zinc fertilizer is better. (2) Fertilization technology of dry and thin wheat: The yield of wheat in dry and thin land is low and unstable, but there is a huge potential for increasing yield. Studying the application of fertilization technology in dry and thin wheat is one of the effective ways to tap the potential for increasing yield and increase wheat yield. On the basis of rational cultivation, full storage and maintenance of soil moisture, increase fertilizer application and improve soil nutrition, “reducing water by fertilizer†can enhance the utilization of water by wheat, improve the utilization of rainwater, and increase the application within a certain range. Fertilizer has a significant positive correlation with water use efficiency. Under the condition of thin soil, the effect of fertility is greater. In order to comprehensively exert the fertilization test and production practice experience, in order to give full play to the effect of increasing fertilizer production, the following points should be mastered in fertilization of dry wheat: <1>Combination of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizer: The content of organic matter in dry and thin land is low, and it is necessary to increase the application of organic fertilizer. However, the low-yield wheat field has low biological yield. It is necessary to increase the input of nitrogen and phosphate fertilizer while increasing the application of organic fertilizer as much as possible. Otherwise, it is very difficult to significantly increase the yield of dry and thin wheat in the short term. According to the study, 250 kg of corn stalks are applied to the arid land and adjusted with 3 kg of ammonium nitrate. After being applied to the soil for 3 years, the annual increase per mu The organic matter is 60 kg, while the single application of corn stalks only increases by 20 kg, and the single application of chemical fertilizers only increases by 10 kg. It can be seen that the combination of plant residues and inorganic fertilizers has a significant effect on soil fertility. <2> Combination of nitrogen fertilizer and phosphate fertilizer: Most of the dry and thin nitrogen and phosphorus nutrients are imbalanced, and phosphorus deficiency is severe. The effect of increasing the application of phosphate fertilizer is significant. Generally, the yield increase effect of single application of phosphate fertilizer is greater than that of single application of nitrogen fertilizer. No obvious effect, but combined with nitrogen and phosphorus, potassium fertilizer has an effect of increasing yield. According to the experiment in Lishui County, Shandong Province, the soil available phosphorus content is 6 mg/kg. The application of pure nitrogen is 8 kg, phosphorus is 8.5 kg, and the yield per mu can reach 334. 2 kg, increasing yield by 64%. In the trial of Leling County, Shandong Province, when the soil available phosphorus content is less than 5 mg/kg, the application of phosphorus is 14 kg. It is nearly three times more productive than no phosphate fertilizer. Shandong Wheat Technical Advisory Group test, 5 kg of nitrogen per mu, an increase of 7.51 kg per mu, 5 kg of single application of phosphorus, an increase of 49.95 kg per mu, in combination with the application of dry nitrogen and phosphorus, the yield increased by 89.75 kg. Compared with single application of nitrogen and phosphorus, the difference is 34.25 kg. The difference is extremely significant. Therefore, fertilization of dry and thin wheat must pay attention to the application of nitrogen and phosphorus. There is a certain ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus application. If the yield exceeds a certain limit, the yield increase effect will decrease. The reasonable proportion of nitrogen and phosphorus combination is different due to the abundance of phosphorus in soil. Phosphorus deficiency in dry land in northwestern Shandong is heavier than nitrogen deficiency, and the available phosphorus content is below 5 mg/kg. The effect of sound application of nitrogen fertilizer is not great. The effect of ash application is obvious. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 0.5:1. The available phosphorus content in Jixian County of Shandong Province is 12-20 mg/kg, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 1 :1 or 1:0.5 is good. The soil available phosphorus content in Laiyang City, Shandong Province is below 5 mg/kg, and the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 1:1. After years of increasing application of phosphate fertilizer, the soil has become fertile and the yield has been When the ratio is increased, the ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus can be adjusted to 1:0.5. <3>Adopting "one shelling" fertilization method: In order to cultivate strong seedlings, the fertilizer can affect the effect of topdressing because the dry land cannot be watered. A successful experience is to apply all the organic fertilizers, phosphate fertilizer and nitrogen fertilizer to the base fertilizer. When the cultivated land is turned over once, this fertilization method is economical and effective. According to the low-yield wheat field in the low-yield field of the Laiyang Agricultural Technology Station, the earlier the fertilization time, the greater the yield increase effect. Apply the same amount of standard nitrogen fertilizer, increase the yield by 1.92 kg per kilogram for the base fertilizer, increase the yield by 1.15 kg per winter, and increase the yield by 0.64 kg in the spring. The test of the sesame pier test point in Linyi City, Shandong Province, the soil contains the organic matter 1 %-1.3%, total nitrogen 0.06%-0.08%, low-yield shajiang black soil with less than 5 mg/kg of available nitrogen, 2000-2500 kg of soil fertilizer, 60 kg of standard phosphate fertilizer and 50 kg of standard nitrogen fertilizer. The nitrogen fertilizer was applied in stages, and the results were consistent with the test results of Laiyang Agricultural Technology Station. The same trend was observed in different locations, different sowing dates and different years. The yield of the base fertilizer was the highest, and the difference between treatments was significant, and the time was delayed. The yield is reduced. Therefore, the fertilization of wheat in the dry and thin land should promote a concentrated fertilization method of "one shelling". Practice has proved that the application of all fertilizers as base fertilizer can effectively promote the vegetative growth of dry wheat in the seedling stage, and has a significant effect on promoting tillering before winter, cultivating strong seedlings, and increasing the number of ears per mu, within a reasonable range of the group. The number of kernels per spike and the 1000-grain weight also increase correspondingly, thereby increasing the yield of drought, but it is sufficient when the bottom is sufficient, the planting is earlier, and the soil is richer or fertilized more. The "one shelling" fertilization method may make the population development out of control before the vegetative growth and drought in the seedling stage, so that the limited soil moisture and nutrients are consumed prematurely, leading to flowering, lack of water in the critical period of filling, and the occurrence of spikelet reduction. The weight of the grain is reduced, and even the early decline after winter, the yield is reduced. Under this circumstance, attention should be paid to adjusting the sowing date and appropriately reducing the seeding amount to control the development of the pre-winter group and give full play to the effect of increasing the yield of the fertilizer. <4> According to local conditions, determine the reasonable amount of fertilizer, in order to maximize the productivity of fertilizers, and obtain the economic benefits, the reasonable amount of fertilizer should be determined according to local conditions. In dry land, the effect of increasing fertilizer on wheat yield is due to rainfall. How much or the amount of water stored in the soil is different, and the low-yielding wheat fields with thicker soil layers and no water pouring conditions are at the beginning of a large amount of fertilizer application. The yield increased with the increase of fertilizer application. After the amount of fertilizer reached a certain amount, the yield would not increase significantly. If the amount of fertilizer was too much, the yield increase effect would decrease or the yield would be significantly reduced. The research data of Laiyang showed that the soil layer was about 1 thick and the water source had Low-yield dry land with a production potential of 300 kg per mu. The amount of chemical fertilizer applied for a large increase in production is 8 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, and the phosphate fertilizer is applied in a reasonable proportion. When the soil layer is thin and the soil water storage capacity is limited, the yield increase potential is small, and should be applied less properly. The soil layer has 50 cm. At the time, the amount of fertilization should be reduced by half, and the test data of each place is generally the same, generally about 10 kg of pure nitrogen per mu, and with the application of phosphate fertilizer. In order to fertilize the soil, the fertilization of dry wheat should meet the needs of increasing wheat production in the same season. The nutrients in the soil should be accumulated. Therefore, farmers who advocate conditions should develop more fertilizers when developing dry land, especially Phosphate fertilizer, this is called "reserve fertilization." After the ground force is increased, the amount of fertilizer is appropriately reduced to reduce the cost. (3) Wheat high-yield fine-fertilization and fertilization technology, high-yield and fine-sown wheat must be based on high soil fertility and good soil, fertilizer and water conditions. Production practice has proved that all plots with a wheat yield of more than 350 kg per mu, The nutrient content of the cultivated layer soil should generally reach the following indicators: the organic matter content is about 1.22%, the total nitrogen content is about 0.084%, and the hydrolyzed nitrogen content is 47. About 5 mg / kg, the available phosphorus content is 15-42 mg / kg, and the available potassium content is 86-115 mg / kg. Such plots are finely sown, and the yield per mu can reach 500-600 kg. The high-yield and fine-sown wheat has the following fertilization measures: <1>Basic base fertilizer: base fertilizer farmhouse fertilizer, supplemented by chemical fertilizer, re-application of phosphate fertilizer, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium fertilizer combination, layered fertilization, to continuously fertilize soil fertility, to meet the needs of nutrients in wheat growth period, general situation Under, acre of high-quality farmyard manure 4000-5000 kg, ammonium sulfate 25 kg and superphosphate 25-50 kg. The application of phosphate fertilizer is closely related to the content of soil available phosphorus. When the available phosphorus content in the 0-20 cm soil layer reaches 25-30 mg/kg, the application of phosphate fertilizer has no obvious effect. Therefore, the phosphate fertilizer can be applied every other year or only a small amount per year. Phosphate fertilizer is used as base fertilizer to maintain soil available phosphorus supply level and maximize economic benefits. When the quick-acting content in the 0-20 cm soil layer is 5-10 mg/kg. Plants have higher utilization rate of phosphate fertilizer applied in the current season. The application of phosphate fertilizer and the application of phosphate fertilizer before jointing, the effect of increasing yield, late chasing is better than early chasing. In the case of soil phosphorus deficiency, no basic phosphate fertilizer or insufficient phosphorus fertilizer, it should be as early as possible. Topdressing phosphate fertilizer, it is best to apply it before or during the winter, and mix it with nitrogen and phosphorus. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphorus is 1:1. Some soils lack trace elements such as zinc, molybdenum, manganese, boron, etc., and should be applied in the base fertilizer according to the deficiency. <2> Re-applying or lifting fertilizer: high-yield fine-grained wheat field, generally no pre-winter and re-greening, but re-applied to get up or pull joint fertilizer, moderately or small group of wheat field re-applied body fat, group large male Heavy-duty joint fertilizer, topdressing with nitrogen fertilizer as the side, about 25 kg of nitrogen fertilizer, levy and chasing, such as phosphorus deficiency, potassium, but also with the application of phosphorus, potassium fertilizer, then topdressing, fertilizer to promote tillering into spikes It is a key fertilizer to increase the rate of ear formation and make the wheat spikes larger and larger. 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